RESUMO
Lymphatic system is the transportation way of cerebrospinal fluid and brain interstitial fluid exchange. And this system is a central nervous drainage system which plays an important role in drainaging and discharging of metabolic waste in the brain. The function of this system can be evaluated indirectly by the perivascular space on magnetic resonance imaging. Parkinson′s disease is a common neurodegenerative disorder. It may be helpful to control the progression of the disease if the changes of perivascular space can be dynamically observed in the early or even prodromal stage of the disease. This article reviews the relationship between lymphatic system disfunction and early stage of Parkinson′s disease.
RESUMO
Objective To explore the effect of D-galactose(D-gal) on murine pancreatic injury and its pathogenesis.Methods C57BL/6J mice were randomly divided into control group and D-gal model group [D-gal 120 mg/(kg · d) for 42 days].On the 2nd day after drug injection completed,the peripheral blood was taken for measuring the level of fasting blood glucose(FBG) and fasting insulin(FINS);and then the organ index of pancreas was calculated by the ratio of pancreatic wet weight(mg) and mouse body weight(g);HE stain was routinely prepared to observe the histologic structure of pancreatic tissue;the TEM was used to analyze ultrastructural changes of pancreatic cells;the pancreatic frozen sections were prepared to test senescence-associated β-galactosidase (SA-β-gal) and its relative absorbance(RA) of positively stained cells in the pancreatic islets;immunohistochemistry assays to study advanced glycation end products (AGEs) and its RA;pancreas tissue homogenate was made to detect the content of superoxide dismutase(SOD),malonaldehyde(MDA) and total antioxidant capacity(T-AOC).Results In D-gal group mice,the FBG increased(P＜0.05) and FINS reduced;pancreas wet weight and organ increased obviously (P＜0.01);light microscopic structure of the pancreas presented without typical pathologic change,however the single nucleated cell's area within the islet was increased significantly(P＜0.05);the pancreas endocrine and exocrine cells were showed the ultrastructure damaged and lipofuscin formation increased;the RA of positive pancreas cells in SA-β-gal staining increased(P＜0.05);the RA of AGEs positive regional expression markedly increased (P＜0.01);the content of SOD and T-AOC decreased (P ＜ 0.05),the content of MDA increased (P ＜ 0.01).Conclusions Aging mice model replicated by D-gal can cause the pancreatic injury,its mechanisms may be closely related to oxidative injury of pancreatic cells caused by D-gal.